Damascus

Damascus, still known by its original name in English, is the capital of modern-day Syria, located in the southeast, very close to both Israel and Lebanon. The city is situated on the edge of the Great Syrian Desert, in a fertile valley oasis on the western slopes of Mount Hermon. The oasis is about 48 kilometers long and 16 kilometers wide, with an average elevation of about 670 meters, and is approximately 160 miles from Jerusalem to the south. Although Damascus is on the edge of the desert and receives very little annual rainfall, the city is rich in produce thanks to its extensive use of water from the Barada (Abana) River, which flows through the city, and the Awaj (Pharpar) River, which flows about 14 kilometers to the south. The city is abundant in products such as almonds, apricots, cotton, flax, grains, hemp, olives, pomegranates, tobacco, grapes, and walnuts.
 

大马色城之北、西、南三面绕山,东则邻沙漠,此城就成为天然之交通孔道,自古就有三条大商道经过此地:其一是往北经哈马和阿勒坡 ,再沿幼发拉底河通往巴比伦地区;其二是名叫沿海大道的,是向西南经夏琐、米吉多、约帕、迦萨通到埃及;第三条是名叫君王大道的,向南经外约但往阿卡巴湾,终点也是埃及,所以大马色是米所波大米地区通往巴勒斯坦和埃及唯一的交通孔道,因此大马色商业发达,人民富足。 所出产的地毯和刀剑,极富盛名。

大马色古城位于今日大都会的东南角上,已有四千年以上的历史,由于旧址上建有新建筑物,所以不能作进一步考古发掘的工作,建城之年代故不可考,至今古城中仍保留有 保罗时代的直街、城墙和名为神之门Gate of god 的古城门。 它最早是属于亚兰人独立城邦,也曾统治附近的地区成为大马色帝国,一度曾是亚兰帝国的首府。 在主前十五和十四世纪曾被埃及控制,大卫王年间所属以色列,但不久又独立,而且不断与以色列为敌,主前 732年 被亚述攻陷毁城,且将人民掳至吉珥去 。 两三百年后,它再度复兴,成为波斯帝国的一个行政中心。 主前一百年前后,它成为叙利亚的都城,至罗马帝国和新约时代,它是低加波利之十城之一,也曾是拿巴天王国(Nabatean Kingdom)的一座独立城,但是并没有直接的管辖权。 耶路撒冷的犹太公会对该城的影响力并不很大,所以是当时基督教受逼迫者的避难天堂。

圣经首次提及大马色之处是创世记十四章15节,记述亚伯拉罕追击四王联军至大马色,将其姪子罗得一家并财物夺回之事;此后则直至大卫时代(约主前1000年),圣经才再次提到大马色。 使徒行传九章23-25节记载保罗如何逃离大马色城,乘夜急奔耶路撒冷。自此以后,大马色之名便不复见于经文之中了。

Above image: Damascus city walls photographed in 1890, showing the spot where Paul was lowered down. Now kept in the U.S. Library of Congress.
Above image: Present-day Damascus (Photo copyright: Christian Leadership Holy Land Study Tours).
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